![]() “ Lexical ambiguity and spoken word recognition: Bridging the gap,” J. “ Mechanisms of phonological inference in speech perception,” J. “ Modelling regressive and progressive effects of assimilation in speech perception,” J. “ Phonological variation and its consequences for the word recognition system,” Lang. “ Perception of stop consonants with conflicting transitional cues: A cross-linguistic study,” Lang Speech 21, 337– 346. “ Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains,” J. “ Acoustical and perceptual study of gemination in Italian stops,” J. “ Lexical frequency and voice assimilation,” J. Ernestus, M., Lahey, M., Verhees, F., and Baayen, R. “ Categorical and gradient properties of assimilation in alveolar to velar sequences: Evidence from EPG and EMA data,” J. “ Reliability of speech segmentation and labeling at different levels of transcription,” in Proceedings of Eurospeech-91, Berlin, pp. “ Glottalization of vowel-initial syllables as a function of prosodic structure,” J. Dilley, L., Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., and Ostendorf, M. “ Stress-related variation in the articulation of coda alveolar stops: Flapping revisited,” J. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. “ Phonetic structure of fast speech in American English,” Ph.D. “ Segment durations in connected-speech signals: Syllabic stress,” J. “ It’s not what you hear but how often you hear it: On the neglected role of phonological variant frequency in auditory word recognition,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 11, 1084– 1089. “ Prosodic effects on acoustic cues to stop voicing and place of articulation: Evidence from Radio News speech,” J. Cole, J., Kim, H., Choi, H., and Hasegawa-Johnson, M. 0.6) [ Pittsburgh, PA, Carnegie Mellon University (distributor). “ Not all assimilated sounds are perceived equally: Evidence from Korean,” J. Beckman ( Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), pp. “ Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech,” in Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech, edited by J. Auditory Scene Analysis ( MIT, Cambridge, MA). “ Effects of disfluencies, predictability, and utterance position on word form variation in English conversation,” J. Bell, A., Jurafsky, D., Fosler-Lussier, E., Girand, C., Gregory, M., and Gildea, D. “ Intonational structure in Japanese and English,” Phonology Yearbook 3, 255– 309. “ Palatalisation, assimilation, and gestural weakening in connected speech,” Speech Commun. Implications for theories of word recognition are discussed. Second, acoustic analyses showed that neither place of articulation cues (indicated by second formant variation) nor relative amplitude was sufficient to distinguish assimilated from deleted and canonical variants only when closure duration was additionally taken into account were these three variant types distinguishable. Moreover, lexical frequency was shown to affect pronunciation high frequency lexical items showed more types of variation. Assimilation was indicated relatively infrequently, while deletion, glottalization, or canonical pronunciations were more often indicated. First, phonetic labeling data were used to identify contexts in which assimilation could occur, namely, when a word-final alveolar stop (/t/, /d/, or /n/) was followed by a velar or labial consonant. Two studies of pronunciation variation were conducted using a spontaneous speech corpus. However, the extent to which this variation occurs in casual, unscripted speech has previously not been reported. How listeners recover the intended word (e.g., green, given greem) has been a major focus of spoken word recognition theories. Regressive place assimilation is a form of pronunciation variation in which a word-final alveolar sound takes the place of articulation of a following labial or velar sound, as when green boat is pronounced greem boat.
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